NULL值详解

NULL值

参考:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/working-with-null.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/problems-with-null.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/null-values.html

  • 概念
    MySQL的NULL值代表“没有数据”或者“缺少的未知值”,0’ ’ 都不是NULL,只有两个NULL值才是相等的,例子如下:
MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, '' IS NULL, '' IS NOT NULL,NULL IS NULL;
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+--------------+
| 0 IS NULL | 0 IS NOT NULL | '' IS NULL | '' IS NOT NULL | NULL IS NULL |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+--------------+
|         0 |             1 |          0 |              1 |            1 |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 运算
    NULL一般用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL运算符,例子如下:
MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+
| 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+
|         0 |             1 |
+-----------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

NULL值与其他运算符比较后结果仍然为NULL,例如 <>=<>+ 这些,所以NULL不与其他运算符一起比较,没意义,例子如下:

MariaDB [example]> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL,1+NULL;
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+
| 1 = NULL | 1 <> NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL | 1+NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+
|     NULL |      NULL |     NULL |     NULL |   NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

tip:在MySQL里面,0和NULL都是代表false,其他值都是代表true,布尔运算的真值是1

  • group by、order by、distinct
    使用 group byorder bydistinct 所有NULL值都视为相等
    例子如下:
MariaDB [example]> select * from person;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person group by city;
+------+----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name     | city    | income |
+------+----------+---------+--------+
|    1 | Xiaoming | NULL    |   4500 |
|    5 | Xiaotian | Beijing |   NULL |
|    3 | Xiaochen | Nanjing |   5500 |
+------+----------+---------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person order by income;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select distinct(city) from person;
+---------+
| city    |
+---------+
| NULL    |
| Nanjing |
| Beijing |
+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • order by … desc/asc
    使用order by … desc会把NULL全部放在后面
    使用order by … asc会把NULL全部放在前面,例子如下:
MariaDB [example]> select * from person;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person order by income asc;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person order by income desc;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  • 合计函数
    使用合计函数,例如count()min()max()sum() 这些,NULL不会被统计进去,例子如下:
MariaDB [example]> select * from person;
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
| id   | name      | city    | income |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
|    1 | Xiaoming  | NULL    |   4500 |
|    2 | Xiaohong  | NULL    |   5000 |
|    3 | Xiaochen  | Nanjing |   5500 |
|    4 | Xiaozhang | Nanjing |   NULL |
|    5 | Xiaotian  | Beijing |   NULL |
+------+-----------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select count(city) from person;
+-------------+
| count(city) |
+-------------+
|           3 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select sum(income) from person;
+-------------+
| sum(income) |
+-------------+
|       15000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select min(income) from person;
+-------------+
| min(income) |
+-------------+
|        4500 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select max(income) from person;
+-------------+
| max(income) |
+-------------+
|        5500 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

  • 插入处理
    当一个字段数据类型为timestamp时,插入NULL值,字段会插入当前时间而不是NULL
    当一个字段数据类型为整型或者浮点型且为自增时,插入NULL,字段会插入下一个自增值而不是NULL,例子如下:
MariaDB [example]> insert into person(name,city,income,date) values ('Tim','Beijing',6000,NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person;
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name   | city    | income | date                |
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
|  1 | Alex   | NULL    |   NULL | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  2 | Bob    | NULL    |   NULL | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  3 | Jessie | Nanjing |   3500 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  4 | Jefrry | Nanjing |   4000 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  5 | Tom    | Beijing |   6000 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  6 | Joe    | Beijing |   7000 | 2019-10-29 12:06:43 |
|  7 | Tim    | Beijing |   6000 | 2019-10-29 12:07:34 |
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [example]> insert into person(id,name,city,income) values (NULL,'Tim','Beijing',6000);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

MariaDB [example]> select * from person;
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
| id | name   | city    | income | date                |
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
|  1 | Alex   | NULL    |   NULL | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  2 | Bob    | NULL    |   NULL | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  3 | Jessie | Nanjing |   3500 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  4 | Jefrry | Nanjing |   4000 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  5 | Tom    | Beijing |   6000 | 2019-10-29 12:04:32 |
|  6 | Joe    | Beijing |   7000 | 2019-10-29 12:06:43 |
|  7 | Tim    | Beijing |   6000 | 2019-10-29 12:07:34 |
|  8 | Tim    | Beijing |   6000 | 2019-10-29 12:08:43 |
+----+--------+---------+--------+---------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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