HttpClient的使用与连接资源释放

HttpClient

前情概要:

在代码检查中,我写一个关于http连接的功能,引出了一个问题:要不要释放httpGet.releaseConnection(),要不要复用连接以及如何复用的问题。由于之前没有做过相关的了解,只会基础的使用,所以深入研究了一下,整理了一些经验分享,欢迎大家积极评论,指正不足。

介绍

服务与服务之间的调用与交互通常会使用Http请求来处理,HttpClient是常用的框架,主要实现了以下功能:

(1)实现了所有的HTTP方法(GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等)

(2)支持自动转向

(3)支持HTTPS协议

(4)支持代理服务器

在进行更深的学习和分析之前,先简单介绍一下httpclientjdk内部提供HttpURLConnection,可以实现对于http的请求等使用,很多公司和组织都会对Http进行封装再开发,提供更加方便使用的工具类,例如org.apache.httpcomponentshttpclient包,com.squareup.okhttp3okhttps等等,本文介绍的是apachehttpClient

一、请求类型

Http请求的基类是HttpRequestBase继承了AbstractExecutionAwareRequest类,并且实现了HttpUriRequestConfigurable接口,可以进行配置。

/**get*/
HttpGet, 
/**post*/
HttpPost, 
/**put*/
HttpPut,
/**patch*/
HttpPatch,
/**delete*/
HttpDelete,

/**其他*/
HttpHead,
HttpOptions,
HttpRequestBase, 
HttpRequestWrapper, 
HttpTrace, 
RequestWrapper
HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase, 
EntityEnclosingRequestWrapper,

二、使用依赖

pom依赖:单独使用的话,可以引入apache的包,内部有对Http进行封装后的一些类的使用

<!--httpClient-->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.2</version>
</dependency>

三、参考文档

参考文档:

四、使用

4.1 获取httpClient

使用依赖包中的HttpClients来实例化CloseableHttpClient,其中的HttpClientBuilderCloseableHttpClient的建造者(参考设计模式-建造者模式)。

@Immutable
public class HttpClients {
   

    private HttpClients() {
   
        super();
    }

    public static HttpClientBuilder custom() {
   
        return HttpClientBuilder.create();
    }

    public static CloseableHttpClient createDefault() {
   
        return HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
    }

    public static CloseableHttpClient createSystem() {
   
        return HttpClientBuilder.create().useSystemProperties().build();
    }

    public static CloseableHttpClient createMinimal() {
   
        return new MinimalHttpClient(new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager());
    }

    public static CloseableHttpClient createMinimal(final HttpClientConnectionManager connManager) {
   
        return new MinimalHttpClient(connManager);
    }
}

使用

// 使用工厂类 HttpClients 进行创建
// 1、默认配置创建
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

// 2、使用 builder来创建,可以添加自定义配置
// 自定义 connectionManager 连接管理器
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom()
                .setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
                .build();

4.2 相关配置

无论是采用的那种工厂方法实例化的CloseableHttpClient,其中都会有很多的配置,主要的有两个HttpClientConnectionManagerRequestConfig

4.2.1 HttpClientConnectionManager

HTTP连接管理器。它负责新HTTP连接的创建、管理连接的生命周期还有保证一个HTTP连接在某一时刻只被一个线程使用。

  • 实现

    • BasicHttpClientConnectionManager:每次只管理一个connection。不过,虽然它是thread-safe的,但由于它只管理一个连接,所以只能被一个线程使用。它在管理连接的时候如果发现有相同route的请求,会复用之前已经创建的连接,如果新来的请求不能复用之前的连接,它会关闭现有的连接并重新打开它来响应新的请求。
    • PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:它管理着一个连接池。它可以同时为多个线程服务。每次新来一个请求,如果在连接池中已经存在route相同并且可用的connection,连接池就会直接复用这个connection;当不存在route相同的connection,就新建一个connection为之服务;如果连接池已满,则请求会等待直到被服务或者超时。
  • HttpClients.createDefault():默认创建的是PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager

  • 默认配置

        public PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(
            final HttpClientConnectionOperator httpClientConnectionOperator,
            final HttpConnectionFactory<HttpRoute, ManagedHttpClientConnection> connFactory,
            final long timeToLive, final TimeUnit tunit) {
         
            super();
            this.configData = new ConfigData();
            this.pool = new CPool(new InternalConnectionFactory(
                    this.configData, connFactory), 2, 20, timeToLive, tunit);
            this.pool.setValidateAfterInactivity(2000);
            this.connectionOperator = Args.notNull(httpClientConnectionOperator, "HttpClientConnectionOperator");
            this.isShutDown = new AtomicBoolean(false);
        }
    
    

4.2.2 RequestConfig

封装请求配置项的类

  • HttpClient.defaultConfig:默认配置参数

            Builder() {
         
                super();
                // 确定是否要使用陈旧的连接检查。 陈旧的连接检查可能会导致每个请求最多 30 毫秒的开销,并且应该仅在适当的时候使用。
                this.staleConnectionCheckEnabled = false;
                // 确定是否应自动处理重定向
                this.redirectsEnabled = true;
                // 返回要遵循的最大重定向数。 重定向次数限制旨在防止无限循环
                this.maxRedirects = 50;
                // 确定是否应拒绝相对重定向。 HTTP 规范要求位置值是绝对 URI
                this.relativeRedirectsAllowed = true;
                // 确定是否应自动处理身份验证
                this.authenticationEnabled = true;
                // 返回从连接管理器请求连接时使用的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)。 默认值: -1,为无限超时。
                this.connectionRequestTimeout = -1;
                // 确定建立连接之前的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)。 默认值: -1,为无限超时。
                this.connectTimeout = -1;
                // 以毫秒为单位定义套接字超时,它是等待数据的超时,或者换句话说,两个连续数据包之间的最长不活动时间。默认值: -1,为无限超时。 
                this.socketTimeout = -1;
                // 确定是否请求目标服务器压缩内容
                this.contentCompressionEnabled = true;
            }
    
  • 注意:默认配置中有几个超时时间都是-1,这是无限超时的意思,为了更好的使用和管理,在使用的过程中需要对这几个参数进行设置,如果没有设置的话,请求会持续存在,也不会抛出异常,十分不方便处理

    • connectionRequestTimeout:返回从连接管理器请求连接时使用的超时时间

    • connectTimeout:连接超时

    • socketTimeout:读取数据超时

使用

  • 配置给HttpClient:所有该 httpClient执行的请求,如果没有指定配置,则都会采用该defaultRequestConfig

  • 配置给HttpRequest-methods:配置了requestConfig,在请求时使用该配置

        // 创建http 请求配置
        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
            .setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000)
            .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5 * 1000)
            .setSocketTimeout(5 * 1000)
            .build();
    
         // 1.配置给CloseableHttpClient
         CloseableHttpClient  httpClient = HttpClients.custom()
                    .setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
                    .setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig)
                    .build();
    
        // 2.配置http GET请求
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
        httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
    

4.3 使用示例:GET

在需要进行请求时,创建httpClient,然后创建HttpGet请求,配置路由、请求头、请求参数等,接收execute请求,获取结果并处理。

    public static void test(String url) {
   

        // 创建http client客户端
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        
     	// 创建http 请求配置
        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
                .setConnectTimeout(5 * 1000)
                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5 * 1000)
                .setSocketTimeout(5 * 1000)
                .build();
        
        // 创建http GET请求
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
        httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
        // 设置请求头部编码
        httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8"));
        // 设置返回编码
        httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Accept", "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));

        // 返回响应
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
   
            response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
			// 判断响应码
            if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
   
                HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
                // 使用工具类EntityUtils 从响应中读取内容
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
                System.out.println(result);
            }

        } catch (Exception e) {
   
            System.out.print("http GET 请求异常" + e);
        } finally {
   

            // 释放资源
            try {
   
                if (response != null) {
   
                    response.close();
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
   
                System.out.print("关闭流异常" + e);
            }
            
            // 关闭客户端
            try {
   
                httpClient.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
   
                System.out.print("关闭HttpClient异常" + e);
            }
        }
    }

五、问题探讨

示例中有多个Close,分别是关闭了什么呢,是否可以省略,又在什么时候调用呢?在使用过程中,有时也会涉及到releaseConnection(),这又是什么?有什么作用?是否是必要的呢?

5.1 关闭

  • response.close():官网的解释是,最底层的HTTP connection是由响应对象response持有的,如果没有完全的消费response content或者正确地关闭,对应的connection是不能被安全重用的,会被connection manager给关闭和丢弃。

  • httpClient.close():关闭客户端,会先关闭客户端中的所有连接,然后销毁客户端。

  • method.releaseConnection():释放连接到连接池。

5.2 不关闭

所有的资源都是有限的,如果持续消费资源而不释放资源,很快就会出现因为资源获取不到而导致进程阻塞,参考一个常见的问题就是**死锁问题。在开发过程中,很多时候都会因为没注意到这点导致程序出现问题(比如:流未关闭,资源就释放不了),一旦并发量**、数据量等上升,问题出现的几率和产生的影响可能成几何倍增长,所以一直强调要资源释放,就是这个问题。

HttpClient使用过程中也会出现这样的问题,下面我们来探讨一下,如果不关闭资源,会出现什么样的问题,不同的方式来关闭又会出现什么样的问题。

5.3 response

问题:消费不彻底

多次请求,对于response消费不彻底,没有进行关闭

// 相同的URL,多次请求
    public static void testNoCloseResponse(String url, int num) {
   
        // 创建http client客户端
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        // 创建http GET请求
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
        // 设置请求头部编码
        httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8"));
        // 设置返回编码
        httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Accept", "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));

        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
   
            // 返回响应
            CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
            try {
   
                response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
// if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
   
// HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
// // 使用工具类EntityUtils 从响应中读取内容
// String result = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
// System.out.println(result);
// }
            } catch (Exception e) {
   
                System.out.print("http GET 请求异常" + e);
            }finally{
   
// // 释放资源
// try {
   
// if (response != null) {
   
// response.close();
// }
// } catch (IOException e) {
   
// e.printStackTrace();
// }
            }
        }
    }

第一次连接:连接无法被复用,kept alive 0,同时占用了一个route

16:37:15.048 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 20]
16:37:15.119 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

// 连接完成后
httpClient.connManager.pool = [leased: [[id:0][route:{}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][state:null]]][available: []][pending: []]

第二次连接:连接无法被复用,kept alive 0,相同的IP和请求路由,又占用了一个route

16:41:57.223 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
16:41:57.224 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 20]

// 连接完成后
httpClient.connManager.pool = [leased: [[id:1][route:{}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][state:null], [id:0][route:{}->http://172.23.22.58:8081][state:null]]][available: []][pending: []]

第三次连接:相同的IP和请求路由,由于默认配置中:httpClient.connManager.pool.defaultMaxPerRoute = 2(相同的请求路径最多可以同时存在2个),没有可用的route此时就会一直等待原连接的释放,获取到route之后才可以进行连接。

问题:消费彻底

使用工具类消费能够更加彻底地消费response,可以达到释放资源,复用的效果,但是如果关闭response,仍然无法复用

            // 返回响应
            CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
            try {
   
                response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
// if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
   
// HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
// // 使用工具类EntityUtils 从响应中读取内容
// String result = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
// System.out.println(result);
// }
            } catch (Exception e) {
   
                System.out.print("http GET 请求异常" + e);
            }

第一次连接:total kept alive: 1,连接可以被复用

16:56:23.188 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
16:56:23.188 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

第二次连接:虽然有一个连接可以复用,但是在尝试复用的时候,发现该通道对应的流并没有关闭,无法使用,所以在关闭了该连接后,重新生成了一个

16:57:32.922 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
16:57:32.922 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.wire - http-outgoing-0 << "end of stream"
16:57:32.922 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-0: Close connection
16:57:32.922 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
16:57:32.922 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec - Opening connection {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081

第三次连接:与第二次相同

17:05:07.966 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
17:05:07.966 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.wire - http-outgoing-1 << "end of stream"
17:05:07.966 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-1: Close connection
17:05:07.966 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 2][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
17:05:07.966 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec - Opening connection {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081

问题:关闭资源

但是与response消费不彻底相比,并没有阻塞第三次的请求,这是能够让资源重复使用的一个提高点。

在每次请求后关闭response,则效果如下:

// 释放资源或者使用 try-resources可以自动关闭
try {
   
    if (response != null) {
   
        response.close();
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
   
    e.printStackTrace();
}

第一次连接:total kept alive: 1,连接可以被复用

17:09:10.296 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 20]
17:09:10.309 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

17:09:10.341 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
17:09:10.341 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

第二、三次连接:可以复用之前的连接,也不会增加新的routeallocated(出现了http-outgoing-0 << "[read] I/O error: Read timed out"的报错,没有仔细研究,原因可能是和http版本的协议相关,感兴趣的可以深入了解)

17:09:18.121 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]
17:09:18.135 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.wire - http-outgoing-0 << "[read] I/O error: Read timed out"
17:09:18.135 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

17:09:18.139 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
17:09:18.139 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 20]

5.4 httpClient

在日常使用中,我们通常会使用HttpClients.createDefault()方式来获取客户端,这种方式采用了默认配置。在系统中,资源是有限的,而应用服务需要处理的请求和操作是无限的,如何提高Http连接的使用效率那就要考虑到及时回收资源,合理分配资源。

如果每次在使用的时候都新生成一个,不关闭HttpClient,很显然,无限制的生成那么必然会导致资源的浪费,这是一种不可取的方式。

5.4.1 httpClient.close

  • 在结束使用的时候httpClient.close(),在close()的时候,会对内部的pool进行shutdowm(),关闭所有的可用连接、正在进行的连接,释放所有的资源。

       public void shutdown() throws IOException {
         
            if (this.isShutDown) {
         
                return ;
            }
            this.isShutDown = true;
            this.lock.lock();
            try {
         
                for (final E entry: this.available) {
         
                    entry.close();
                }
                for (final E entry: this.leased) {
         
                    entry.close();
                }
                for (final RouteSpecificPool<T, C, E> pool: this.routeToPool.values()) {
         
                    pool.shutdown();
                }
                this.routeToPool.clear();
                this.leased.clear();
                this.available.clear();
            } finally {
         
                this.lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    

使用11个不同的请求URL,流程示例:

  • 关闭前

    • 在使用的连接数:0
    • 可用连接数:11
    • 等待请求数:0
    httpClient.connManager.pool
    [leased: []]
    [available: [
    	[id:10][route:{
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80][state:null], 
    	[id:9][route:{
         }->http://www.bnia.cn:80][state:null], 
    	[id:8][route:{
         s}->https://m.you.163.com:443][state:null], 
    	[id:7][route:{
         }->http://www.wenming.cn:80][state:null], 
    	[id:6][route:{
         }->http://jubao.aq.163.com:80][state:null], 
    	[id:5][route:{
         s}->https://www.12377.cn:443][state:null], 
    	[id:4][route:{
         }->http://www.12377.cn:80][state:null], 
    	[id:3][route:{
         }->http://www.bjjubao.org:80][state:null], 
    	[id:2][route:{
         }->http://cimg.163.com:80][state:null], 
    	[id:1][route:{
         s}->https://static.ws.126.net:443][state:null], 
    	[id:0][route:{
         }->http://www.baidu.com:80][state:null]]
    	]
    [pending: []]
    
  • 关闭

    18:36:51.900 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection manager is shutting down
    18:36:51.900 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-10: Close connection
    18:36:51.901 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-9: Close connection
    18:36:51.901 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-8: Close connection
    18:36:51.903 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-7: Close connection
    18:36:51.903 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-6: Close connection
    18:36:51.903 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-5: Close connection
    18:36:51.904 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-4: Close connection
    18:36:51.904 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-3: Close connection
    18:36:51.905 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-2: Close connection
    18:36:51.905 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-1: Close connection
    18:36:51.906 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-0: Close connection
    18:36:51.906 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection manager shut down
    
  • 关闭后

    • 在使用的连接数:0
    • 可用连接数:0
    • 等待请求数:0
    httpClient.connManager.pool
    [leased: []]
    [available: []]
    [pending: []]
    

5.4.2 如何高效获取和使用httpClient

获取HttpClient主要有以下三种方式:

  1. 使用时生成

  2. 连接池获取

  3. 全局共享


1. 使用时生成

使用时生成,即每次在请求时,初始化生成一个HttpClient,接着在生成连接对象(例如:httpPost / httpGet ),进行连接,然后从返回结果取出entity,保存成一个字符串,最后显式关闭responsehttpClient

通过httpClient.close()的源码和示例,可以知道在这个过程中,反复创建HttpClient、创建TCP连接的开销,使用完成后再销毁的开销,对于高频次的请求,那么很显然消耗会很大,考虑可以通过实现连接的 复用 ,从而降低开销,提高效率。

2.连接池获取

上面使用时生成中提到,可以通过复用来提高效率,一是对Httpclient的使用,二是对连接的使用。

显然,先想到的就是使用连接池,通过创建连接池的方式,每次需要请求的时候,从连接池中获取,接着进行请求的相关操作。

  • 池形式地获取HttpClient

    这种方式是提高了效率,只不过提高的是获取client的效率,每次建立连接的开销并没有降低。不过可以通过共享连接池,使得多个HttpClient可以共享一个连接管理器。

  • 池形式地获取Connection

    以连接为最小元,连接池的方式来获取。

HttpClient本身就实现了连接池式的管理器。

3.全局共享

HttpClient是线程安全的类,没有必要每次使用时创建,我们可以全局共享同一个,同时apache提供的HttpClient中就有连接池的存在,用于管理connectionconnManager(PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager),可以实现连接的复用。

  • requestConfig:用于配置请求的参数

    • setConnectionRequestTimeout:返回从连接管理器请求连接时使用的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)
    • setConnectTimeout:确定建立连接之前的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)
    • setSocketTimeout:以毫秒为单位定义套接字超时,它是等待数据的超时,或者换句话说,两个连续数据包之间的最长不活动时间
  • connectionManager:用于配置HttpClients中的连接池

    • setMaxTotal:设置连接池的最大连接数
    • setDefaultMaxPerRoute:设置每个路由上的默认连接个数
    • setMaxPerRoute:则单独为某个站点设置最大连接个数
  • 示例

        /** * 请求配置 */
        private static RequestConfig requestConfig;
        /** * Http客户端 */
        private static CloseableHttpClient httpClient;
    
        static {
         
    
            // 配置请求参数,请求时长,连接时长,读取数据时长
            requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
                    .setConnectTimeout(5*1000)
                    .setConnectionRequestTimeout(5*1000)
                    .setSocketTimeout(5*1000)
                    .build();
    
            // 配置连接池关联
            PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
            connectionManager.setMaxTotal(100);
            connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(10);
            // 初始化客户端
            httpClient = HttpClients.custom()
                    .setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
                    .setConnectionTimeToLive(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
                    .build();
        }
    
  • 使用示例

    在使用的时候可以全局获取httpClient,使用requestConfig对请求进行配置,每次使用完成后,也不用对httpClient进行关闭。

        public String doGet(String url) {
         
            // 创建http GET请求
            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
            // 设置请求头部编码
            httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8"));
            // 设置返回编码
            httpGet.setHeader(new BasicHeader("Accept", "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));
    
            // 配置连接,如果没有对httpClient设置默认配置
            // httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
            
            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet)) {
         
    
                // 判断返回状态是否为200
                if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == CODE_SUCCESS) {
         
                    return EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), ENCODING);
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
         
                logger.error("http 无参 GET 请求异常", e);
            }
            return null;
        }
    

5.5 releaseConnection

connection的释放,在使用过程中很少会涉及,也没有很清楚的说明是否要执行releaseConnection(),那么connection要不要释放呢?如果不用,那为什么?如果用,那要怎么释放?

首先要知道,releaseConnection做的是什么事情。

5.5.1 基于请求methodsreleaseConnection

Http请求连接底层类 是HttpRequestBase,其中有一个方法是releaseConnection

public abstract class HttpRequestBase extends AbstractExecutionAwareRequest
    implements HttpUriRequest, Configurable {
   
    /** * A convenience method to simplify migration from HttpClient 3.1 API. This method is * equivalent to {@link #reset()}. * * @since 4.2 */
    public void releaseConnection() {
   
        reset();
    }
}

其中的reset()是继承AbstractExecutionAwareRequest类中的方法,重置了内部的状态,使得该请求可以重用。

public abstract class AbstractExecutionAwareRequest extends AbstractHttpMessage implements
        HttpExecutionAware, AbortableHttpRequest, Cloneable, HttpRequest {
    
    
    private final AtomicBoolean aborted;
    
	/** * Resets internal state of the request making it reusable. * * @since 4.2 */
    public void reset() {
   
        final Cancellable cancellable = this.cancellableRef.getAndSet(null);
        if (cancellable != null) {
   
            cancellable.cancel();
        }
        this.aborted.set(false);
    }
}

5.5.2 基于请求ConnectionRequestreleaseConnection

在请求中,最底层使用的对象接口是ConnectionRequest,通过HttpClientConnectionManager进行管理。HttpClientConnectionManager,HTTP 连接管理器的目的是作为新 HTTP 连接的工厂,管理持久连接并同步对持久连接的访问,确保一次只有一个执行线程可以访问一个连接。
因为此接口的方法可以从多个线程执行,对共享数据的访问必须同步,此接口的实现必须是线程安全的。

/** * 持久客户端连接的管理器 * @since 4.3 */
public interface HttpClientConnectionManager {
   

	/** * 返回一个新的ConnectionRequest ,从中可以获得一个HttpClientConnection或者可以中止请求 */
    ConnectionRequest requestConnection(HttpRoute route, Object state);

    /** * 释放与管理器的连接,使其有可能被其他消费者重用 * 可以使用validDuration和timeUnit参数定义管理器应保持连接活动的validDuration timeUnit * conn – 要释放的托管连接 * validDuration – 此连接可重复使用的持续时间 * timeUnit – 时间单位 */
    void releaseConnection(
            HttpClientConnection conn, Object newState, long validDuration, TimeUnit timeUnit);
}

PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:连接池对于connection进行释放,keepalive连接的可用持续时长(存活时间)也会影响到连接池对连接的处理。

    @Override
    public void releaseConnection(
            final HttpClientConnection managedConn,
            final Object state,
            final long keepalive, final TimeUnit tunit) {
   
        Args.notNull(managedConn, "Managed connection");
        // synchronized:线程安全的方式获取连接,对连接进行操作
        synchronized (managedConn) {
   
            final CPoolEntry entry = CPoolProxy.detach(managedConn);
            if (entry == null) {
   
                return;
            }
            final ManagedHttpClientConnection conn = entry.getConnection();
            try {
   
                if (conn.isOpen()) {
   
                    final TimeUnit effectiveUnit = tunit != null ? tunit : TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
                    entry.setState(state);
                    entry.updateExpiry(keepalive, effectiveUnit);
                    if (this.log.isDebugEnabled()) {
   
                        final String s;
                        // keepalive,连接可重复使用的持续时间
                        if (keepalive > 0) {
   
                            s = "for " + (double) effectiveUnit.toMillis(keepalive) / 1000 + " seconds";
                        } else {
   
                            s = "indefinitely";
                        }
                        this.log.debug("Connection " + format(entry) + " can be kept alive " + s);
                    }
                }
            } finally {
   
                // 连接池进行 release,不同keepalive也会影响到连接池对连接的释放操作
                this.pool.release(entry, conn.isOpen() && entry.isRouteComplete());
                if (this.log.isDebugEnabled()) {
   
                    this.log.debug("Connection released: " + format(entry) + formatStats(entry.getRoute()));
                }
            }
        }
    }

5.5.3 不释放连接测试

5.5.3.1 少量固定请求

模拟请求重复连接

  • 前置:10个线程连续请求一个相同的url

  • 自定义配置:最大总连接数20,相同route最多为2个连接

  /**
     * 连接复用:会复用连接池中的已有连接
     *
     * @param num 次数
     */
    public static void testMultithreading3(int num) {
        String url = "http://www.baidu.com";

        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();

        HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url);

        MultiHttpClientConnThread[] threads = new MultiHttpClientConnThread[num];
        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
            threads[i] = new MultiHttpClientConnThread(httpClient, get);
        }

        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
                threads[i].start();
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
                threads[i].join();
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            System.out.println("线程执行异常" + e);
        }
    }

// 执行请求的线程
public class MultiHttpClientConnThread extends Thread {

    private CloseableHttpClient client;

    private HttpGet get;

    public MultiHttpClientConnThread(CloseableHttpClient httpClient, HttpGet get) {
        this.client = httpClient;
        this.get = get;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
            response = client.execute(get);
            EntityUtils.consume(response.getEntity());

        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (response != null) {
                IOUtils.closeQuietly(response);
            }
        }
    }
}

截取的控制台输出:

  • 阶段一:10个线程开始获取连接请求,Connection request
  • 阶段二:有2个线程优先获得了请求连接的资源,Connection leased
  • 阶段三:有线程持有的请求连接完成请求,由于route总数限制为2,连接池管理释放连接,Connection released
  • 阶段四:重复阶段三,直到多有线程都获取到资源,完成了请求连接
  • 阶段五:进程结束,释放所有连接资源
23:28:06.718 [Thread-6] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.718 [Thread-1] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.718 [Thread-7] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.719 [Thread-5] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.718 [Thread-8] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.719 [Thread-0] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.719 [Thread-4] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.719 [Thread-9] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.720 [Thread-2] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 0 of 10]
23:28:06.735 [Thread-9] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 10]
23:28:06.735 [Thread-2] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.735 [Thread-3] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 1 of 10]
23:28:06.766 [Thread-2] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.766 [Thread-9] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.766 [Thread-9] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 2; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.766 [Thread-8] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.767 [Thread-2] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.767 [Thread-3] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.769 [Thread-3] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.769 [Thread-3] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.769 [Thread-8] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.769 [Thread-8] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.769 [Thread-4] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.769 [Thread-1] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.771 [Thread-4] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.771 [Thread-4] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.771 [Thread-0] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.771 [Thread-1] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.771 [Thread-1] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.771 [Thread-7] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.773 [Thread-7] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.774 [Thread-0] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.774 [Thread-0] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.774 [Thread-5] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.774 [Thread-6] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.776 [Thread-6] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.776 [Thread-5] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081] can be kept alive indefinitely
23:28:06.776 [Thread-5] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 2; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]
23:28:06.776 [Thread-6] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081][total kept alive: 2; route allocated: 2 of 2; total allocated: 2 of 10]

执行结果:上示示例有 10 个线程,并发执行 10 个请求,由于连接池的限制,同一个route最多2个请求。在执行过程中,虽然线程会等待,但是10个线程在请求过程中一直用的都是相同的2 个连接,实现了复用。

Connection [id: 1][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081]
Connection [id: 0][route: {
   }->http://172.23.22.58:8081]
5.5.3.2 大量不固定请求

模拟请求超出最大连接数

  • 前置:一共有11个不同的url,进行请求

  • 自定义配置:最大总连接数10,相同route最多为2个连接

  • 结果:

    • id来看,第11次请求的时候,由于连接数最大为10已满,将最久未使用的http-outgoing-1:connection [id:1]给关闭了,同时创建了新的连接Connection leased: [id: 11]
    • 关闭client时,共关闭了10个连接,没有[id:11] 取代了[id:11]
    10:16:25.231 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection request: [route: {
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80][total kept alive: 10; route allocated: 0 of 2; total allocated: 10 of 10]
    10:16:25.231 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-1: Close connection
    10:16:25.231 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection leased: [id: 11][route: {
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80][total kept alive: 9; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 10 of 10]
    10:16:25.231 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec - Opening connection {
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80
    
    10:16:25.362 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection [id: 11][route: {
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80] can be kept alive indefinitely
    10:16:25.362 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection released: [id: 11][route: {
         }->http://py.qianlong.com:80][total kept alive: 10; route allocated: 1 of 2; total allocated: 10 of 10]
    10:16:25.362 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager - Connection manager is shutting down
    10:16:25.362 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-11: Close connection
    10:16:25.362 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-10: Close connection
    10:16:25.363 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-9: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-8: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-7: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-6: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-5: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-4: Close connection
    10:16:25.364 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-3: Close connection
    10:16:25.365 [main] DEBUG org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection - http-outgoing-2: Close connection
    
5.5.3.3 结果

对于PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager

  • 从上述两个测试来说,使用连接池来管理连接的时候,可以对连接进行复用,在连接达到连接池最大数时,也会采用相应的策略来对连接进行关闭,从而释放出资源,创建新的请求连接。

对于BasicHttpClientConnectionManager

  • 单个连接的连接管理器,由于每次只允许一个线程进行一个连接,所以显示的releaseconnection也就没有必要,管理器内部就会去执行。

对于使用时创建的HttpClient

  • 在结束使用的时候httpClient.close(),在close()的时候,会对内部的pool进行shutdowm(),关闭所有的可用连接、正在进行的连接。

最终,releaseConnection是否是必须的呢?答案是不必须,不过在使用不同方式的HttpClient的时候和在请求的时候还是要注意对资源的释放的,毕竟服务器资源就那么多,要合理利用。

5.5.3.4 附加:用时测试
  • 释放和不释放用时统计(单线程 + 相同连接)
  • 结果:
    • 请求次数在1000以内的话,少量相同的连接不释放的速度更快
    • 在超过10000的时候,反而释放更快了(表中未列出)
  • 注:本次测试为单机,同一台机器作为服务和请求双方;服务端处理较为简单;
connection(ms) 1 10 50 100 200 500 1000
释放第一次 76 37 175 316 781 1065 1314
释放第二次 78 31 96 202 360 772 1245
释放第三次 75 31 94 192 301 827 1575
不释放第一次 73 30 86 165 274 706 1365
不释放第二次 79 29 87 130 232 534 1452
不释放第三次 75 30 85 149 291 795 1232

六、场景及策略

场景用已经资源的关闭等当面都做了介绍,下面用分享一下不同场景下,使用的不同策略。

6.1 请求数量少,间隔时间长

  • 场景:单线程(主线程调用)或多线程少量;很长时间才请求一次的话,对于请求的响应等要求不高;不与用户操作相关联(不用考虑及时反馈)
  • 策略:可以不用考虑请求资源的复用
    • 可以用使用时生成,结束的时候,关闭httpClient,回收所有资源,等待下次使用。

6.2 请求数量多,间隔事件短

  • 场景:多线程请求;请求时间间隔短,对于请求的响应要求高;与用户操作相关联(需要及时反馈)
  • 策略:考虑资源的复用与回收
    • 全局共享方式来使用HttpClient,降低创建、销毁连接的开销

七、全局共享HttpClient的使用方法

基于单例的形式,全局共享HtppClient,通过PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager连接池管理器的方式来实现连接的高效获取和复用,下面是整理的一套使用的具体代码示例。

7.1 依赖配置pom

    <!--httpClient-->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
        <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
        <version>4.5.2</version>
    </dependency>

7.2 配置类HttpClientConfig

/** * HttpClientProperties * * @author xuzhou * @version v1.0.0 * @create 2021/7/22 16:35 */
@Component
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "http.client")
public class HttpClientConfig {
   
    /** * 返回从连接管理器请求连接时使用的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)。 * 默认值: -1,为无限超时。 */
    private int connectionRequestTimeout = 5000;

    /** * 连接超时:连接一个url的连接等待时间 * 确定建立连接之前的超时时间(以毫秒为单位)。 * 默认值: -1,为无限超时。 */
    private int connectTimeout = 5000;

    /** * 读取数据超时:连上url,获取response的返回等待时间 * 以毫秒为单位定义套接字超时,它是等待数据的超时,或者换句话说,两个连续数据包之间的最长不活动时间。 * 默认值: -1,为无限超时。 */
    private int socketTimeout = 5000;

    /** * 客户端总并行链接最大数 */
    private int maxTotal = 50;

    /** * 客户端每个路由最高链接最大数 */
    private int maxPreRoute = 4;

    /** * 连接存活时长:秒 */
    private long connectionTimeToLive = 60;

    /** * 重试尝试最大次数 * 默认为3 */
    private int retryCount = 3;

    /** * 非幂等请求是否可以重试 * 默认不开启 */
    private boolean requestSentRetryEnabled = false;

    public int getConnectionRequestTimeout() {
   
        return connectionRequestTimeout;
    }

    public void setConnectionRequestTimeout(int connectionRequestTimeout) {
   
        this.connectionRequestTimeout = connectionRequestTimeout;
    }

    public int getConnectTimeout() {
   
        return connectTimeout;
    }

    public void setConnectTimeout(int connectTimeout) {
   
        this.connectTimeout = connectTimeout;
    }

    public int getSocketTimeout() {
   
        return socketTimeout;
    }

    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout) {
   
        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
    }

    public int getMaxTotal() {
   
        return maxTotal;
    }

    public void setMaxTotal(int maxTotal) {
   
        this.maxTotal = maxTotal;
    }

    public int getMaxPreRoute() {
   
        return maxPreRoute;
    }

    public void setMaxPreRoute(int maxPreRoute) {
   
        this.maxPreRoute = maxPreRoute;
    }

    public long getConnectionTimeToLive() {
   
        return connectionTimeToLive;
    }

    public void setConnectionTimeToLive(long connectionTimeToLive) {
   
        this.connectionTimeToLive = connectionTimeToLive;
    }

    public int getRetryCount() {
   
        return retryCount;
    }

    public void setRetryCount(int retryCount) {
   
        this.retryCount = retryCount;
    }

    public boolean isRequestSentRetryEnabled() {
   
        return requestSentRetryEnabled;
    }

    public void setRequestSentRetryEnabled(boolean requestSentRetryEnabled) {
   
        this.requestSentRetryEnabled = requestSentRetryEnabled;
    }
}

7.3 结果类HttpResult

/** * http请求返回对象 * * @author xuzhou * @version 1.0.0 */
public class HttpResult {
   

    /** * 状态码 */
    private Integer status;
    /** * 返回数据 */
    private String stringEntity;

    public HttpResult() {
   
    }

    /** * http请求返回对象 * * @param status 返回状态 * @param stringEntity 返回数据 */
    public HttpResult(Integer status, String stringEntity) {
   
        this.status = status;
        this.stringEntity = stringEntity;
    }

    public Integer getStatus() {
   
        return status;
    }

    public void setStatus(Integer status) {
   
        this.status = status;
    }

    public String getStringEntity() {
   
        return stringEntity;
    }

    public void setStringEntity(String stringEntity) {
   
        this.stringEntity = stringEntity;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
   
        return "HttpResult{" +
                "status=" + status +
                ", stringEntity='" + stringEntity + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

7.4 工具类HttpClientUtils

/** * http连接工具 * 不会对请求的结果做处理,用户可以访问 {@link HttpResult} * 通过{@linkplain HttpResult#getStatus()}判断响应码code * 通过{@linkplain HttpResult#getStringEntity()}获取响应实体字符串 * * @author xuzhou * @version v1.0.0 */
public class HttpClientUtils {
   

    /** * Http客户端 */
    public static final CloseableHttpClient httpClient;

    /** * 配置类 */
    private static final HttpClientConfig HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG;

    /** * 编码方式 */
    private static final String ENCODING = "utf-8";

    /** * 日志对象 */
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HttpClientUtils.class);

    /** * 请求配置 */
    private static final RequestConfig request_config;

    static {
   
        // 配置类
        HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG = new HttpClientConfig();

        // 配置请求参数,请求时常,连接市场,读取数据时长
        request_config = RequestConfig.custom()
                .setConnectTimeout(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getConnectTimeout())
                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getConnectionRequestTimeout())
                .setSocketTimeout(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getSocketTimeout())
                .build();

        // 配置连接池关联
        PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
        connectionManager.setMaxTotal(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getMaxTotal());
        connectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getMaxPreRoute());

        // 初始化客户端
        httpClient = HttpClients.custom()
                .setConnectionManager(connectionManager)
                .setDefaultRequestConfig(request_config)
                // 重试机制
                .setRetryHandler(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getRetryCount(), HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.isRequestSentRetryEnabled()))
                // 开启后台线程清除过期的连接
                .evictExpiredConnections()
                // 开启后台线程清除闲置的连接
                .evictIdleConnections(HTTP_CLIENT_CONFIG.getConnectionTimeToLive(), TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .build();
    }

    private HttpClientUtils() {
   

    }


    /** * GET请求 * 1.支持不带参数的请求 * 2.支持参数拼接在URl中的请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doGet(String url) {
   
        return doGet(url, null, null);
    }

    /** * 带有参数的GET请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param params 请求参数 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doGet(String url, Map<String, Object> params) {
   
        return doGet(url, params, null);
    }

    /** * Get 请求:指定请求头,请求参数 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param headers 请求头参数 * @param params 请求参数 * @return HttpResult */
    public static HttpResult doGet(String url, Map<String, Object> params, Map<String, String> headers) {
   

        log.info("Http GET 请求URL:{}", url);
        log.info("Http GET 请求参数:{}", JSONObject.toJSONString(params));

        try {
   
            // 创建访问对象地址
            URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder(url);
            if (params != null && !params.isEmpty()) {
   
                // 构建在URL中的请求参数
                Set<? extends Entry<?, ?>> entrySet = params.entrySet();
                for (Entry<?, ?> entry : entrySet) {
   
                    uriBuilder.addParameter((String) entry.getKey(), String.valueOf(entry.getValue()));
                }
            }

            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(uriBuilder.build().toString());

            // 封装请求头
            packageHeader(headers, httpGet);

            return execute(httpGet);
        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
   
            log.error("Get请求构建URL失败", e);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /** * 执行POST请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doPost(String url) {
   
        return doPost(url, null, null);
    }

    /** * 执行POST请求:有参数 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param params 请求参数 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doPost(String url, Map<String, Object> params) {
   
        return doPost(url, params, null);
    }

    /** * 执行POST请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param headers 请求头 * @param params 请求参数 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doPost(String url, Map<String, Object> params, Map<String, String> headers) {
   

        log.info("Http POST 请求URL:{}", url);
        log.info("Http POST 请求参数:{}", JSONObject.toJSONString(params));

        // 创建http POST请求
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);

        try {
   
            // 封装请求头
            packageHeader(headers, httpPost);

            // 封装请求参数
            packageParam(params, httpPost);
            return execute(httpPost);

        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
   
            log.error("POST请求参数编码异常", e);
        }

        return null;
    }

    /** * http post json数据 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param json 请求参数 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doPostJson(String url, String json) {
   
        return doPostJson(url, json, null);
    }


    /** * http post json数据 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param json 请求参数 * @param headers 请求头 * @return 返回值 */
    public static HttpResult doPostJson(String url, String json, Map<String, String> headers) {
   
        log.info("Http post json请求URL:{}", url);
        log.info("Http post json请求参数:{}", json);
        // 创建http POST请求
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);

        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON.toString()));
        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));

        // 封装请求头
        packageHeader(headers, httpPost);
        if (json != null) {
   
            // 构造一个JSON请求的实体
            StringEntity stringEntity = new StringEntity(json, ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON);
            // 将请求实体设置到httpPost对象中
            httpPost.setEntity(stringEntity);
        }
        return execute(httpPost);
    }

    /** * http post stream请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param in 输入流 * @return 返回数据 */
    public static HttpResult doPostInputStream(String url, InputStream in) {
   
        // 创建http POST请求
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, ContentType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED.toString()));
        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));

        if (in != null) {
   
            httpPost.setEntity(new InputStreamEntity(in));
        }

        return execute(httpPost);
    }

    /** * http post text请求 * * @param url 请求地址 * @param text 文本内容 * @return 返回数据 */
    public static HttpResult doPostWrite(String url, String text) {
   
        // 创建http POST请求
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, ContentType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED.toString()));
        httpPost.setHeader(new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/plain;charset=utf-8"));

        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(text)) {
   
            StringEntity stringEntity = new StringEntity(text, ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
            httpPost.setEntity(stringEntity);
        }
        return execute(httpPost);
    }

    /** * 执行HTTP请求 * * @param request {@link HttpRequestBase} 请求 * @return {@link HttpResult} 请求结果 */
    public static HttpResult execute(HttpRequestBase request) {
   
        // 执行http请求
        try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request)) {
   
            // 构建返回实体
            return new HttpResult(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(),
                    EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()));
        } catch (Exception e) {
   
            log.error("http 请求异常", e);
        }

        return null;
    }

    /** * 将请求参数处理为 NameValuePair * * @param params 请求参数Map * @return List<NameValuePair> */
    public static List<NameValuePair> convertParams2NVPS(Map<String, Object> params) {
   
        if (!params.isEmpty()) {
   
            List<NameValuePair> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
            params.forEach((key, value) -> parameters.add(new BasicNameValuePair(key, String.valueOf(value))));
            return parameters;
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

    /** * 封装请求头 * * @param headers 请求头参数列表 * @param httpMethod 请求方式 */
    public static void packageHeader(Map<String, String> headers, HttpRequestBase httpMethod) {
   
        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(headers)) {
   
            Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = headers.entrySet();
            for (Entry<String, String> entry : entrySet) {
   
                // 设置请求头到 HttpRequestBase 对象中
                httpMethod.setHeader(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
            }
        }
    }

    /** * 封装请求参数 * * @param params 请求参数 * @param httpMethod 请求方式 * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException 不支持字符编码异常 */
    private static void packageParam(Map<String, Object> params, HttpEntityEnclosingRequest httpMethod)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
   

        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(params)) {
   
            List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs = convertParams2NVPS(params);
            httpMethod.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nameValuePairs, ENCODING));
        }
    }
}

7.5 使用示例

使用HttpClientUtils,不对所有的返回结果进操作,只封装请求相关,后续逻辑操作另外定义完成

   public static void testGet(String url) {
   
        
        HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>(2);

        // 设置请求头部编码
        headers.put("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8");
        // 设置返回编码
        headers.put("Accept", "text/plain;charset=utf-8");

        HttpResult httpResult = HttpClientUtils.doGet(url, headers, null);
        if (Objects.nonNull(httpResult)){
   
            if(httpResult.getStatus() == 200){
   
                System.out.println(httpResult.getStringEntity());
            }
        }
    }


7.6 自定义请求

支持自定义请求,包中全局共享一个HttpClient,使用者可以通过HttpClientUtils.httpClient获取到连接客户端,自定义实现请求。也可以自定义HttpRequestBase请求,通过HttpClientUtils.execute()执行。

// 方式一
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientUtils.httpClient;
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
httpGet.setHeader("key","value");
try(CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);){
   
    // handle response
}catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
   
    e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
   
    e.printStackTrace();
}
// 方式二
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
httpGet.setHeader("key","value");
// 调用工具类的 execute
HttpResult result = HttpClientUtils.execute(httpGet);
// 获取请求状态嘛(为response的原生响应码)
if(result.getStatus() == 200){
   
    // 自定义的接口返回结果在stringEntity中
    System.out.println(result.getStringEntity());
}
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