通过一文入门Matplotlib
1、开始
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,50)#从(-1,1)均匀取50个点
y = 2 * x
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
2、Figure对象
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,50)
y1 = x ** 2
y2 = x * 2
#这个是第一个figure对象,下面的内容都会在第一个figure中显示
plt.figure()
plt.plot(x,y1)
#这里第二个figure对象
plt.figure(num = 3,figsize = (10,5))
plt.plot(x,y2)
plt.show()
- 我们看上面的每个图像的窗口,可以看出figure并没有从1开始然后到2,这是因为我们在创建第二个figure对象的时候,指定了一个num = 3的参数,所以第二个窗口标题上显示的figure3。
- 对于每一个窗口,我们也可以对他们分别去指定窗口的大小。也就是figsize参数。
- 若我们想让他们的线有所区别,我们可以用下面语句进行修改。
plt.plot(x,y2,color = 'red',linewidth = 3.0,linestyle = '--')
3、设置坐标轴
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,50)
y = x *2
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
默认的横坐标:
#在plt.show()之前添加
plt.xlim((0,2))
plt.ylim((-2,2))
给横纵坐标设置名称:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-1,1,50)
y = x * 2
plt.xlabel("x'slabel")#x轴上的名字
plt.ylabel("y's;abel")#y轴上的名字
plt.plot(x,y,color='green',linewidth = 3)
plt.show()
把坐标轴换成不同的单位:
new_ticks = np.linspace(-1,2,5)
plt.xticks(new_ticks)
#在对应坐标处更换名称
plt.yticks([-2,-1,0,1,2],['really bad','b','c','d','good'])
那么如果我想把坐标轴上的字体更改成数学的那种形式:
#在对应坐标处更换名称
plt.yticks([-2,-1,0,1,2],[r'$really\ bad$',r'$b$',r'$c\ \alpha$','d','good'])
注意:
- 我们如果要使用空格的话需要进行对空格的转义"\ "这种转义才能输出空格;
- 我们可以在里面加一些数学的公式,如"\alpha"来表示 。
如何去更换坐标原点,坐标轴呢?我们在plt.show()之前:
#gca = 'get current axis'
#获取当前的这四个轴
ax = plt.gca()
#设置脊梁(也就是包围在图标四周的默认黑线)
#所以设置脊梁的时候,一共有四个方位
ax.spines['right'].set_color('r')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
#将底部脊梁作为x轴
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
#ACCEPTS:['top' | 'bottom' | 'both'|'default'|'none']
#设置x轴的位置(设置底的时候依据的是y轴)
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
#the 1st is in 'outward' |'axes' | 'data'
#axes : precentage of y axis
#data : depend on y data
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
# #ACCEPTS:['top' | 'bottom' | 'both'|'default'|'none']
#设置左脊梁(y轴)依据的是x轴的0位置
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
4.legend图例
我们很多时候会再一个figures中去添加多条线,那我们如何去区分多条线呢?这里就用到了legend。
#简单的使用
l1, = plt.plot(x, y1, label='linear line')
l2, = plt.plot(x, y2, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--', label='square line')
#简单的设置legend(设置位置)
#位置在右上角
plt.legend(loc = 'upper right')
l1, = plt.plot(x, y1, label='linear line')
l2, = plt.plot(x, y2, color='red', linewidth=1.0, linestyle='--', label='square line')
plt.legend(handles = [l1,l2],labels = ['up','down'],loc = 'best')
#the ',' is very important in here l1, = plt...and l2, = plt...for this step
"""legend( handles=(line1, line2, line3),
labels=('label1', 'label2', 'label3'),
'upper right')
shadow = True 设置图例是否有阴影
The *loc* location codes are::
'best' : 0,
'upper right' : 1,
'upper left' : 2,
'lower left' : 3,
'lower right' : 4,
'right' : 5,
'center left' : 6,
'center right' : 7,
'lower center' : 8,
'upper center' : 9,
'center' : 10,"""
这里需要注意的是:
- 如果我们没有在legend方法的参数中设置labels,那么就会使用画线的时候,也就是plot方法中的指定的label参数所指定的名称,当然如果都没有的话就会抛出异常;
- 其实我们plt.plot的时候返回的是一个线的对象,如果我们想在handle中使用这个对象,就必须在返回的名字的后面加一个","号;
legend = plt.legend(handles = [l1,l2],labels = ['hu','tang'],loc = 'upper center',shadow = True)
frame = legend.get_frame()
frame.set_facecolor('r')#或者0.9...
5.在图片上加一些标注annotation
在图片上加注解有两种方式:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,50)
y = 2*x + 1
plt.figure(num = 1,figsize =(8,5))
plt.plot(x,y)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
#将底下的作为x轴
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
#并且data,以y轴的数据为基本
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
#将左边的作为y轴
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
print("-----方式一-----")
x0 = 1
y0 = 2*x0 + 1
plt.plot([x0,x0],[0,y0],'k--',linewidth = 2.5)
plt.scatter([x0],[y0],s = 50,color='b')
plt.annotate(r'$2x+1 = %s$'% y0,xy = (x0,y0),xycoords = 'data',
xytext=(+30,-30),textcoords = 'offset points',fontsize = 16
,arrowprops = dict(arrowstyle='->',
connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"))
plt.show()
plt.annotate(r'$2x+1 = %s$'% y0,xy = (x0,y0),xycoords = 'data',
xytext=(+30,-30),textcoords = 'offset points',fontsize = 16
,arrowprops = dict(arrowstyle='->',
connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"))
注意:
- xy就是需要进行注释的点的横纵坐标;
- xycoords = 'data'说明的是要注释点的xy的坐标是以横纵坐标轴为基准的;
- xytext=(+30,-30)和textcoords='data'说明了这里的文字是基于标注的点的x坐标的偏移+30以及标注点y坐标-30位置,就是我们要进行注释文字的位置;
- fontsize = 16就说明字体的大小;
- arrowprops = dict()这个是对于这个箭头的描述,arrowstyle='->'这个是箭头的类型,connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"这两个是描述我们的箭头的弧度以及角度的。
print("-----方式二-----")
plt.text(-3.7,3,r'$this\ is\ the\ some\ text. \mu\ \sigma_i\ \alpha_t$',
fontdict={'size':16,'color':'r'})
这里先介绍一下plot中的一个参数:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,50)
y1 = 0.1*x
y2 = x**2
plt.figure()
#zorder控制绘图顺序
plt.plot(x,y1,linewidth = 10,zorder = 2,label = r'$y_1\ =\ 0.1*x$')
plt.plot(x,y2,linewidth = 10,zorder = 1,label = r'$y_2\ =\ x^{2}$')
plt.legend(loc = 'lower right')
plt.show()
如果改成:
#zorder控制绘图顺序
plt.plot(x,y1,linewidth = 10,zorder = 1,label = r'$y_1\ =\ 0.1*x$')
plt.plot(x,y2,linewidth = 10,zorder = 2,label = r'$y_2\ =\ x^{2}$')
下面我们看一下这个图:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-3,3,50)
y1 = 0.1*x
y2 = x**2
plt.figure()
#zorder控制绘图顺序
plt.plot(x,y1,linewidth = 10,zorder = 1,label = r'$y_1\ =\ 0.1*x$')
plt.plot(x,y2,linewidth = 10,zorder = 2,label = r'$y_2\ =\ x^{2}$')
plt.ylim(-2,2)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
plt.show()
从上面看,我们可以看见我们轴上的坐标被掩盖住了,那么我们怎么去修改他呢?
print(ax.get_xticklabels())
print(ax.get_yticklabels())
for label in ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels():
label.set_fontsize(12)
label.set_bbox(dict(facecolor = 'white',edgecolor='none',alpha = 0.8,zorder = 2))
<a list of 9 Text xticklabel objects>
<a list of 9 Text yticklabel objects>
这里需要注意:
- ax.get_xticklabels()获取得到就是坐标轴上的数字;
- set_bbox()这个bbox就是那坐标轴上的数字的那一小块区域,从结果我们可以很明显的看出来;
- facecolor = 'white',edgecolor='none,第一个参数表示的这个box的前面的背景,边上的颜色。
6.画图的种类
1.scatter散点图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
n = 1024
X = np.random.normal(0,1,n)
Y = np.random.normal(0,1,n)
T = np.arctan2(Y,X)#for color later on
plt.scatter(X,Y,s = 75,c = T,alpha = .5)
plt.xlim((-1.5,1.5))
plt.xticks([])#ignore xticks
plt.ylim((-1.5,1.5))
plt.yticks([])#ignore yticks
plt.show()
2.柱状图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
n = 12
X = np.arange(n)
Y1 = (1 - X/float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5,1.0,n)
Y2 = (1 - X/float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5,1.0,n)
#facecolor:表面的颜色;edgecolor:边框的颜色
plt.bar(X,+Y1,facecolor = '#9999ff',edgecolor = 'white')
plt.bar(X,-Y2,facecolor = '#ff9999',edgecolor = 'white')
#描绘text在图表上
# plt.text(0 + 0.4, 0 + 0.05,"huhu")
for x,y in zip(X,Y1):
#ha : horizontal alignment
#va : vertical alignment
plt.text(x + 0.01,y+0.05,'%.2f'%y,ha = 'center',va='bottom')
for x,y in zip(X,Y2):
# ha : horizontal alignment
# va : vertical alignment
plt.text(x+0.01,-y-0.05,'%.2f'%(-y),ha='center',va='top')
plt.xlim(-.5,n)
plt.yticks([])
plt.ylim(-1.25,1.25)
plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
3.Contours等高线图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def f(x,y):
#the height function
return (1-x/2 + x**5+y**3) * np.exp(-x **2 -y**2)
n = 256
x = np.linspace(-3,3,n)
y = np.linspace(-3,3,n)
#meshgrid函数用两个坐标轴上的点在平面上画网格。
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,y)
#use plt.contourf to filling contours
#X Y and value for (X,Y) point
#这里的8就是说明等高线分成多少个部分,如果是0则分成2半
#则8是分成10半
#cmap找对应的颜色,如果高=0就找0对应的颜色值,
plt.contourf(X,Y,f(X,Y),8,alpha = .75,cmap = plt.cm.hot)
#use plt.contour to add contour lines
C = plt.contour(X,Y,f(X,Y),8,colors = 'black',linewidth = .5)
#adding label
plt.clabel(C,inline = True,fontsize = 10)
#ignore ticks
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
4.image图片
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
#image data
a = np.array([0.313660827978, 0.365348418405, 0.423733120134,
0.365348418405, 0.439599930621, 0.525083754405,
0.423733120134, 0.525083754405, 0.651536351379]).reshape(3,3)
'''
for the value of "interpolation",check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/images_contours_and_fields/interpolation_methods.html
for the value of "origin"= ['upper', 'lower'], check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/pylab_examples/image_origin.html
'''
#显示图像
#这里的cmap='bone'等价于plt.cm.bone
plt.imshow(a,interpolation = 'nearest',cmap = 'bone' ,origin = 'up')
#显示右边的栏
plt.colorbar(shrink = .92)
#ignore ticks
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
5.3D数据
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure()
ax = Axes3D(fig)
#X Y value
X = np.arange(-4,4,0.25)
Y = np.arange(-4,4,0.25)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(X,Y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
#hight value
Z = np.sin(R)
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
============= ================================================
Argument Description
============= ================================================
*X*, *Y*, *Z* Data values as 2D arrays
*rstride* Array row stride (step size), defaults to 10
*cstride* Array column stride (step size), defaults to 10
*color* Color of the surface patches
*cmap* A colormap for the surface patches.
*facecolors* Face colors for the individual patches
*norm* An instance of Normalize to map values to colors
*vmin* Minimum value to map
*vmax* Maximum value to map
*shade* Whether to shade the facecolors
============= ================================================
"""
# I think this is different from plt12_contours
ax.contourf(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=-2, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
========== ================================================
Argument Description
========== ================================================
*X*, *Y*, Data values as numpy.arrays
*Z*
*zdir* The direction to use: x, y or z (default)
*offset* If specified plot a projection of the filled contour
on this position in plane normal to zdir
========== ================================================
"""
ax.set_zlim(-2, 2)
plt.show()
7.多图合并展示
1.使用subplot函数
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize = (6,5))
ax1 = plt.subplot(3,1,1)
ax1.set_title("ax1 title")
plt.plot([0,1],[0,1])
#这种情况下如果再数的话以334为标准了,
#把上面的第一行看成是3个列
ax2 = plt.subplot(334)
ax2.set_title("ax2 title")
ax3 = plt.subplot(335)
ax4 = plt.subplot(336)
ax5 = plt.subplot(325)
ax6 = plt.subplot(326)
plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize = (6,4))
#plt.subplot(n_rows,n_cols,plot_num)
plt.subplot(211)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 1 col, plot to the 1st sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1])
plt.subplot(234)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 4th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 2])
plt.subplot(235)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 5th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 3])
plt.subplot(236)
# figure splits into 2 rows, 3 col, plot to the 6th sub-fig
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 4])
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
2.分格显示
#method 1: subplot2grid
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure()
#第一个参数shape也就是我们网格的形状
#第二个参数loc,位置,这里需要注意位置是从0开始索引的
#第三个参数colspan跨多少列,默认是1
#第四个参数rowspan跨多少行,默认是1
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3),(0,0),colspan = 3,rowspan = 1)
#如果为他设置一些属性的话,如plt.title,则用ax1的话
#ax1.set_title(),同理可设置其他属性
ax1.set_title("ax1_title")
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3),(1,0),colspan = 2,rowspan = 1)
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3),(1,2),colspan = 1,rowspan = 2)
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3),(2,0),colspan = 1,rowspan = 1)
ax5 = plt.subplot2grid((3,3),(2,1),colspan = 1,rowspan = 1)
plt.show()
#method 2:gridspec
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
plt.figure()
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(3,3)
#use index from 0
ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[0,:])
ax1.set_title("ax1 title")
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[1,:2])
ax2.plot([1,2],[3,4],'r')
ax3 = plt.subplot(gs[1:,2:])
ax4 = plt.subplot(gs[-1,0])
ax5 = plt.subplot(gs[-1,-2])
plt.show()
#method 3 :easy to define structure
#这种方式不能生成指定跨行列的那种
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#(ax11,ax12),(ax13,ax14)代表了两行
#f就是figure对象,
#sharex:是否共享x轴
#sharey:是否共享y轴
f,((ax11,ax12),(ax13,ax14)) = plt.subplots(2,2,sharex = True,sharey = True)
ax11.set_title("a11 title")
ax12.scatter([1,2],[1,2])
plt.show()
3.图中图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
y = [1,3,4,2,5,8,6]
#below are all percentage
left, bottom, width, height = 0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8
#使用plt.figure()显示的是一个空的figure
#如果使用fig.add_axes会添加轴
ax1 = fig.add_axes([left, bottom, width, height])# main axes
ax1.plot(x,y,'r')
ax1.set_xlabel('x')
ax1.set_ylabel('y')
ax1.set_title('title')
ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.2, 0.6, 0.25, 0.25]) # inside axes
ax2.plot(y, x, 'b')
ax2.set_xlabel('x')
ax2.set_ylabel('y')
ax2.set_title('title inside 1')
# different method to add axes
####################################
plt.axes([0.6, 0.2, 0.25, 0.25])
plt.plot(y[::-1], x, 'g')
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('title inside 2')
plt.show()
4.次坐标轴
# 使用twinx是添加y轴的坐标轴
# 使用twiny是添加x轴的坐标轴
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.arange(0,10,0.1)
y1 = 0.05 * x ** 2
y2 = -1 * y1
fig,ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax1.plot(x,y1,'g-')
ax2.plot(x,y2,'b-')
ax1.set_xlabel('X data')
ax1.set_ylabel('Y1 data',color = 'g')
ax2.set_ylabel('Y2 data',color = 'b')
plt.show()
8.animation动画
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation
fig,ax = plt.subplots()
x = np.arange(0,2*np.pi,0.01)
#因为这里返回的是一个列表,但是我们只想要第一个值
#所以这里需要加,号
line, = ax.plot(x,np.sin(x))
def animate(i):
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x + i/10.0))#updata the data
return line,
def init():
line.set_ydata(np.sin(x))
return line,
# call the animator. blit=True means only re-draw the parts that have changed.
# blit=True dose not work on Mac, set blit=False
# interval= update frequency
#frames帧数
ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig=fig, func=animate, frames=100, init_func=init,
interval=20, blit=False)
plt.show()
以上内容均学习自莫烦教程。