英语笔记

非谓语动词

非谓语动词可以做的成分（除了谓语可以充当任何成分）

• 作主语（一般是不定式，并且使用it做形式主语）
  • It is very hard to finish the work by yourself.
  • It means failure to lose your heart.
• 作表语
  • Her job is to look after the babies.
  • My dream is becoming a teacher.
• 作宾语
  • He enjoys staying with his family.
  • I hope to see you soon.
• 作定语（修饰名词）
  • He found a good house to live in.（to live in 修饰 house）
  • In the following years he worked even harder.（following 修饰 years）
• 作状语
  • He worked day and night to get the money.
  • seeing the thief walk into the room, he called the police.（seeing 修饰后面的句子 the thief walk into the room）
• 作同位语
  • The cave, his hiding-place, is secret.
  • His habit, eating snack before sleeping, has not been changed.

名词

名词性从句分类

• 陈述句：that，that不充当成分，也没有实义，在宾语从句中可以省略that。

  • It makes me happy that she succeeded in finding a friend.（主语从句）

  • Someday, you will find that your career and kinship are more important than love itself.（宾语从句）

  • My idea is that we will go to sea a movie after finishing this chapter.（表语从句）

  • The truth that nobody can become brilliant without endeavors is ignored by a sea of men.（同位语从句）

• 一般疑问句：whether/if，whether/if在从句中不充当成分，意思为“是否”，并且whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，if只能引导宾语从句。

  • Whether aliens exist is really vital.（主语从句）
  • I wonder to know if you want to go to the movies.（宾语从句）

• 特殊疑问句：连接副词when/where/why/how，连接代词who/whom/what/which/whose，连接副词相当于副词，连接代词相当于代词。

  • Why I'm here is a secret.（主语从句）
  • I wonder why people live on earth.（宾语从句）

定语

定语的成分

• 形容词（短语）作定语
  • That kind nightingale died at last
• 名词（短语）作定语
  • The nightingle's singing can make the rose bloom.（名词的格）
• 介词短语作定语
  • The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.（out of the window 在窗外的）
  • I only have roses as white as the foam in the sea.
• 分词、不定式作定语
  • In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.
  • The innocent nightingale must have loved the student deceived by the girl.
• 从句作定语
  • The rose which the nightingale exchanged with her life failed to help the student.

定语从句

• 方法

  • 找先行词（有可能不是离引导词最近的那个）

• 分类

  • 先行词是人：who/whom/whose，who和whom类似，但是whom只能在从句中充当宾语；whose在从句中充当定语。
    • He is the man who loves me.（先行词是人，从句loves me中缺主语，所以用who）
    • He is the man who/whom I love.（先行词是人，从句I love中缺主语，所以用who/whom）
    • He is the man whose father is wealthy.（先行词是人，从句father is wealthy缺一个定语）
  • 先行词是物：that/which/whose，that只能修饰限制性定语从句，which修饰非限制性定语从句，whose在从句中充当定语。
    • The food which wasn't in the fridge all went off.（没有放在冰箱的那些食物坏了）。
    • These children sit in a schoolroom whose windows are all broken.（先行词是schoolroom，并且有所属关系）（这些孩子就坐在窗户玻璃都被打破了的教室里上课）
  • 先行词是时间：that/which/when，when不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
    • I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺成分）（我永远不会忘记我遇见你的那一天）
    • I will never forget the day that/which we spent.（从句缺宾语）（我永远不会忘记我们度过的那一天）
  • 先行词是地点：that/which/where，where不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
    • This is the town where I spend my childhood.（从句不缺成分）（这就是我度过童年的小城）
    • This is the town which I told you about before.（从句缺少宾语）（这就是我以前告诉过你的小城）
  • 先行词是原因：that/which/why，why不充当成分，that和which充当成分。
    • You had better have some reason why you are late.
    • You had better have some reason which/that sounds perfect.

• 特殊情况

  • that引导英语从句时，如果在从句中充当宾语，那么that可以被省略。

    • I enjoy the movie that Cao Baoping directed.
    • I enjoy the movie Cao Baoping directed.（省略了that）

  • 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

    • 非限制性定语从句不能使用that
    • 限制性定语从句一般翻译成……的，而非限制性定语从句一般翻译成状语形式。
      • The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.（食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱。）（翻译成原因状语从句）
      • The millionaire had another house built, which he didn't need at all.（那位百万富翁又建了一栋房子，尽管他并不需要）（翻译成让步状语从句）
      • We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.（我们知道，因为猫的眼镜能够比人的眼镜吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜里也能够看得很清楚。）（翻译成原因状语从句）

  • the same ... as和the same ... that

    • Mr.Darcy is the same man I love.（我喜欢的像Darcy先生这样的人）
    • Mr.Darcy is the same man that I love.（我喜欢的人正是Darcy先生）

  • as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

    • as引导的非限制性定语从句对位置没有要求；而which有要求
      • As we all know, Man struggles upwards, and water flows downwards.
      • Man struggles upwards and water flows downwards, which is known to us all.
    • as后只能跟be动词；而which后可以用任何类型的动词
      • As is known to United States, Mark Twain is a great writter.
      • Immigrant are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

  • “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

    • 分类

      • 即将关系副词when/where/why替换为 介词 + 关系代词的情况，其中why只能被替换为for which
        • This is the city where I have lived for 20 years.
        • This is the city in which I have lived for 20 years.
      • 定语从句的谓语是固定搭配的 “动词 + 介词”，并且先行词在从句中作宾语
        • This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.（argue about是一个固定搭配，在此处将about提前，所以有了 “介词 + 关系代词”）
      • 用于表达与上文的先行词或者句子的关系，避免上文与下文重复
        • Playing basketball is a beneficial exercise from which we can obtain many advantages.（which指代打篮球，如果再写一遍就会重复）

    • 代词的选择

      • 修饰人时，只能用whom
        • He is the student with whom my teacher talked.
      • 修饰物时，只能用which
        • This is the hotel at which Mr.Jason likes to stay.
      • whose用关系代词替代时，可用of which/whom
        • Mr.Liu criticized the students [whose/of whom] homework hasn't been handed in.
        • We live in a house [whose/ of whom] windows open to the south.

    • 介词的选择

      • 根据从句中谓语和介词的搭配，并且要判断“动词 + 介词”与先行词的逻辑关系
        • The girl for whom he had fought 2 years seems no longer important to him.（fight for sb（为……而斗争），所以用for whom，在从句中做宾语）
        • I have bought many things on which I spent most of my money that I saved.（spend money/time/energy on sth（在……花费金钱/时间/精力），在从句中做宾语）
      • 根据从句中动词和先行词的逻辑关系
        • This is the farmyard on which my father has worked for 20 years.（农场和工作的关系应该是在农场上工作，所以使用on，和where等价）
        • This is the roof on which people often enjoy the moon.（屋顶和欣赏的关系，应该是在屋顶上欣赏，所以使用on）
      • 根据 “形容词 + 介词” 与先行词的逻辑关系来选择
        • English is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.（be interested in（对……感兴趣），将in提前）
        • He referred me to some reference books with which I was not very familiar.（be familiar with（对……熟悉），将with提前）
      • 根据先行词与句子的意思来确定
        • The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.（根据逻辑判断，应该加入without）
        • This is the classroom in the front of which there is a desk.（根据逻辑判断，教室前面有讲台，所以加入介词短语in the front of）

• 总结

  • 代词（充当主语或者宾语）：who、whom、that、which
  • 副词（不充当主干成分）：where、when、why
  • 形容词（充当定语）：whose

状语

什么是状语？

• 在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词（词组）、形容词（短语）、副词或整个句子的成分叫做状语。

状语的成分

• 副词/副词短语 做状语
  • She smiles sweetly
  • I tried again and again
  • He left decisively.
• 介词短语做状语
  • He runs fast like a crazy dog.（介词短语like a crazy dog做状语修饰fast）
  • He left withou a word.
• 分词、不定式做状语
  • He leaves, crying.（现在分词crying修饰leaves）
  • He left saying nothing.
• 从句
  • I will return the book as soon as I have read it.（状语从句as soon as I have read it修饰整个句子）
  • When he left, he said nothing.

状语从句

状语从句位置

• 状语从句放在句首时，必须加逗号。
• 状语从句放在主句后时，可以加逗号，也可以不加逗号。

状语从句分类

• 时间状语从句

  • 引导词
    • 普通引导词
      • when：在……时
      • as：正当/随着
      • while：在……期间
      • once：一旦
      • as soon as：一……就……
      • before：在……之前
      • after：在……之后
      • since：自从……以来
      • not……until：直到……才
      • until/till：直到……时
    • 名词短语
      • the moment
      • every time
      • the day
      • the instant
    • 副词
      • immediately
      • directly
      • no sonner ... than
      • hardly ... when
      • scarely ... when
  • when/while/as的对比
    • when引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词，通常表示 “当……时”
      • When the teacher come in, we stop talking.（短暂性动词）
      • When I lived in the countryside, I used to live a tough life.（延续性动词）
    • while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词，多用于进行时态，通常表示 “在……时”，强调时间段的持续性。
      • While my mother was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
    • as引导的谓语动词是延续性的动词，表示 “一边……一边”，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生，表示 “随着”
      • We always sing as we walk.（表示 “一边……一边”）
      • As families moved away from their stable community, the informal flow of information is cut off.（表示 “随着……”）
  • until 和 not until的对比
    • until：主句的谓语动词是持续性动词
      • I will wait here until you come.
    • not ……until：主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词
      • I will not leave until you come.

• 地点状语从句

  • 常用引导词

    • where

    • 不常用引导词

    • wherever

    • anywhere

    • everywhere

    • 举例

    • I find my phone where I had lost it.

    • The man made a mark where he has left the sword.

• 原因状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • because
    • since
    • as
    • for
  • 不常用引导词
    • seeing that
    • now that
    • in that
    • considering that
    • given that
    • as much as
  • 举例
    • Because he was careless, he had a car accident yesterday.
    • Because of his carelessness, he had a car accident yesterday.
  • due to放在句末，owing to放在句首
    • Owing to tolerance between the couple, the marriage can last long.
    • The marriage can last long due to tolerance between the couple.

• 目的状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • so that
    • in order that
  • 举例
    • I am determined to take part in the examination of postgraduates so that I could have a brighter future.
    • I am determined to take part in the examination of postgraduates in order to have a brighter future.
    • Parents getting old gradually are always telling a variety of lies in order that their daughters or sons will not worry about them.

• 结果状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • so that
    • so ... that
    • such ... that
  • 不常用引导词
    • to the degree that
    • to the extent that
    • to such a degree that
  • so that在目的状语从句和结果状语从句：引导目的状语从句时和情态动词连用；引导结果状语从句时不和情态动词连用。
    • I hurried through my work so that I could be on time for the TV.（目的状语从句）
    • Wemoved to the country so that we were away from the noisy city.（结果状语从句）

• 条件状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • if
    • unless：相当于if not
  • 特殊引导词
    • as：只要
    • so long as：只要
    • only if：只要
    • providing：假如
    • provided that：假如
    • supposing(that)：假如
    • in case that：以防
    • on condition that：如果
  • 举例
    • I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of hope.
    • On condition that love is a cup of poison, I will drink it up without hesitating.

• 让步状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • though
    • although
    • even if
    • even though
  • 特殊引导词
    • as
    • while：虽然（用在句首）
    • no matter...：无论
    • in spite of the fact that：虽然，尽管
    • whatever
    • wherever
    • whenever
    • however
    • whichever
  • 举例
    • Although/ Though he failed again and again, he still adheres to pursuing his dream.
    • The periodical physical examination must be given to a patient whoever has recuperated from hepatitis.
    • As automatic machines have many advantages, it can only do the jobs they have been told to do.

• 方式状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • as
    • as if
    • as though：好像；似乎
  • 特殊引导词
    • the way：方式
  • 举例
    • She talks with me as she were my mother.
    • The password was decoded by him in a dispassionate and objective manner.
    • I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it were yesterday.
    • They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
    • Always do to the others as you would be done by.

• 比较状语从句

  • 常用引导词
    • as
    • than
  • 特殊引导词
    • the more ... the more ...
    • more than
    • more ... than ...
    • not so much ... as ...
  • 举例
    • The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
    • She is not so energetic as she used to be.
    • The result of this experiment is better than that of the last one.

从句总结

• 分类
  • 名词性从句是按照从句所充当的成分来进行分类的，可分为四类。
    • 主语从句
    • 宾语从句
    • 表语从句
    • 同位语从句
  • 定语从句是按照引导词的种类来分类的，可分为五类。
    • 人
    • 物
    • 时间
    • 地点
    • 原因
  • 状语从句是按照引导词本身的意思来进行分类，可分为九类。
    • 时间状语从句
    • 地点状语从句
    • 原因状语从句
    • 目的状语从句
    • 结果状语从句
    • 条件状语从句
    • 让步状语从句
    • 方式状语从句
    • 比较状语从句
• 定语从句和状语从句区分
  • where是否指代前面的先行词，如果指代前面的先行词就是定语从句，否则为地点状语从句
    • The man made a mark where he has left the sword.（地点状语从句，隐含了地点）
    • The man made a mark at the place where he has left the sword.（定义从句，修饰the place）

特殊句型

强调句

• 构成
  • It is ... [that/who]（将被强调的部分放在中间即可）
• 强调句和主语从句的比较
  • 把It is ... that去掉，然后看句子成分是否完整，如果完整则为强调句，否则为主语从句。
• 举例
  • It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.（强调我）
  • It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.（强调昨天）

倒装句

• 什么是倒装？

  • 倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加个助动词或者把be动词放到句首。

• 举例

  • 一般疑问句的倒装

    • Do you love me?
    • Is your father an official?
    • Hava you been to Europe?

  • 否定词放在句首用倒装

    • I have never I been to other countries except Japan. = Never have I been to other countries except Japan.
    • She seldom takes a shower in winter. = Seldom does she take a shower in winter.
    • The public can fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution under no circumstances = Under no circumstances can the public fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution.

  • so（表肯定），nor/neither（表否定）位于句首，表名承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装

    • My husband can speak Japanese. I can speak Japanese, too. = My husband can speak Japanese, and so can I.
    • America is a democratic nation. Canada is a democratic nation, too. = America is a democratic nation, and so is Canada.

  • 含有so ... that ...结构的句子将so引导的部分置于句首时用倒装

    • He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight. = So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.

  • only引出的状语位于句首时用倒装

    • His girlfriend called his name only once. = Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
    • My dearest mother always lives only in my deep heart. = Only in my deep heart does my dearest mother always live.

  • as引导让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装

    • As I look ugly, I am quite gentle. = Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
    • As the drawing seems simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching. = Simple as the drawing seems, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.

虚拟语气

• 什么是虚拟语气？
  • 当表示与事实相反的或虚拟的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时表示主管愿望、建议或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。
• 用法
  • 对现在和将来的虚拟，主句用 would + do；从句用一般过去时。
    • If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.（一般条件句）
    • If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.（虚拟语气）
  • 对过去的虚拟，主句用 could + have done；从句用过去完成时。
    • If I was a dog last night, I could sleep beside you.（一般条件句）
    • If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept beside you（虚拟语气）

插入语

• 什么是插入语？
  • 插入语是指插在句子中的词语或句子，位置灵活，通常用逗号或破折号隔开，和句子的其他部分没有语法上的关系。
  • 作用是对与句话附加解释、说明或总结；
  • 有时表示说话人的态度和看法；
  • 有时起强调作用；
  • 有时是为了引起对方的注意；
  • 还可以起转移话题或说明原因的作用；
  • 也可以承上启下，使语句间的衔接更加紧密。
• 常用插入语
  • 副词作插入语
  • 介词短语作插入语
  • 不定式短语作插入语
  • 分词作插入语
  • 现在分词作插入语

成分总结

• 主语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
• 谓语：动词（词组）
• 宾语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
• 表语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句、形容词（短语）、介词短语
• 同位语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句
• 定语：名词（短语）、代词、非谓语结构、从句、形容词（短语）、介词短语
• 状语：副词（短语）、介词短语、非谓语结构、从句