英语复习

Unit1

What is the typical definition formula? A
A) Class + Characteristics. B) Examples + Characteristics.
C) Class + Examples. D) Examples + Pronunciation.
Significant contributions to global knowledge have originated from indigenous people, for instance in medicine, with their intimate understanding of their environments. D
A) loving B) personal
C) pleasant D) detailed
However, in some areas complete crop failures were observed, whereas local varieties, with a higher variance of traits, were less susceptible to the frequent droughts. A
A) affected by B) adaptable to
C) resistant to D) threatened by
The sonogram of a fetus has in fact become virtually synonymous with ultrasound for many new parents. C
A) 事实上已经成了超声波的同义词
B) 实际上体现了超声波的功能
C) 事实上已经成了超声波的代名词
D) 实际上体现了超声波的用途
For example, a process known as ultrasonic drilling can be used to form holes of virtually any shape in materials such as glass and ceramic, which are very difficult to drill using standard techniques without compromising the integrity of the material. D
A) accepting something slightly different
B) reaching an agreement
C) getting into danger
D) modifying or weakening
The increasing attention indigenous knowledge is receiving worldwide has not yet led to a unanimous perception of the concept of indigenous knowledge. D
A) correct understanding
B) thorough examination
C) prominent position
D) universally accepted definition
Given that ultrasound technology is constantly improving, it is not difficult to visualize a future in which ultrasound will be utilized even more widely than it is today. D
A) Because of B) Although
C) Believing D) Considering
However, a large amount of the sound around us cannot be detected by the human ear. This ultrasonic sound is now being harnessed to provide an amazing range of benefits to society. A
A) utilized B) modified
C) inspected D) explored
The tragedy of the impending disappearance of indigenous knowledge is most obvious to those who have developed it and make a living through it. But the implication for others can be detrimental as well when skills, technologies, artifacts, problem solving strategies and expertise are lost. B
A) dangerous B) harmful
C) difficult D) hazardous
The basic component of any country’s knowledge system is its indigenous knowledge. It e_______ the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to maintain or improve their livelihood.(includes,completely surrounds) encompasses

Unit2

The trees that convert CO2 to oxygen are being demolished because we’re using the land that we cut the tress down from as property for our homes and buildings. C
A) polished B) distinguished C) destroyed D) employed
The end products are then distributed to small turbines owned by individuals to distribute electricity to far-flung areas and homes. C
A) extended B) enormous C) remote D) wide
There are issues with the use of hydroelectricity. Some claim that it poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam. C
A) disrupts B) imposes C) threatens D) inflicts
In some cases personal pollution may be inflicted by caregivers, while in other cases it is caused by voluntary actions. Taking positive steps in your life can help eliminate this and other sources of pollution so you can lead a more productive, satisfying life. B
A.在某些情况下，个人污染可能通过护理者感染的，而在其它情况下，个人污染可能由志愿者感染的。
B. 在某些情况下，个人污染可能由护理者造成，而在其它情况下，个人污染可能由本人自己造成。
C. 在某些情况下，个人污染可能是受护理者影响，而在其它情况下，个人污染可能是受本人志愿者影响。
D. 在某些情况下，个人污染可能由与护理者的冲突引起，而在其它情况下，个人污染可能由本人自残造成。
It appears as though the crusade to determine the best alternative energy sources is seriously being looked into by lots of countries including most American cities. One validation is the signing of Kyoto Treaty. The primary purpose of the concerned group of individuals is to decrease the greenhouse gases and pollutants. C
A. 改革措施之一便是《京都条约》的签订。
B. 巩固措施之一便是《京都条约》的签订
C. 《京都条约》的签订便是是一种证明。
D. 《京都条约》的签订便是一种检测。
Which is the best translation for the underlined sentence?
To date, the main disadvantage of using solar energy is that it is limited. You cannot use it obviously at nighttime and during days when it is raining or even on cloudy days. B
A) 迄今为止，利用太阳能最主要的缺点是它是有限的。
B) 迄今为止，利用太阳能最主要的缺点是它受一些条件的限制。
C) 到一定时期，利用太阳能的最大缺憾是它会受到限制。
D) 到一定时期，利用太阳能的最大缺憾是它是有限的。
Which is the best explanation for the following sentence?
While visual pollution has few immediate health or environmental effects, whatever causes the eyesore can have detrimental effects. C
A) When visual pollution affects people’s health or environment, our eyes could be offended.
B) When visual pollution affects people’s health or environment, there could be harmful effects on our eyes.
C) Although visual pollution hardly affects human health or environment, anything that causes it could have harmful effects in the long run.
D) Although visual pollution hardly affects human health or environment, the causes could have potential impacts.
What can you infer from the following paragraph?
Soil, or land pollution, is contamination of the soil that prevents natural growth and balance in the land whether it is used for cultivation, habitation, or wildlife preservation. Some soil pollution, such as the creation of landfills, is deliberate, while much more is accidental and can have widespread effects. C
A.Most soil pollution is intended.
B. Deliberate soil pollution have little effects.
C. Soil pollution may be both intended and unintended.
D. Creation of landfills is unintended soil pollution.
What can you infer from the following paragraph?
The use of hydroelectric power or even hydroelectricity dates back to ancient Greece and China where they installed waterwheels in rapidly flowing rivers to turn millstones and other equipment. Hydroelectric plants today still use the same basic principles as the historical waterwheel, but with some variations. The difference is that we use the force of water to push the turbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity. The idea here is to make use of the kinetic energy of water. D
A.For historical waterwheel, people used the force of power to power a generator.
B. Hydroelectric plants and historical waterwheel use exactly the same principles.
C. Hydroelectric plants are quite different from historical waterwheel in principles.
D. Hydroelectric plants are slightly different from historical waterwheel in principles.
What can you infer about Freud’s attitude towards id in the lecture given by the professor? C
The id, according to Freud, is present at birth. It’s the animal part of the self. It wants to eat, drink, pee, poop, get warm, and have sexual satisfaction. It is outrageously stupid. It works on what Freud called, “The Pleasure Principle.”
A) It is human’s rational response to the world.
B) It is human’s deliberate reaction to the world.
C) It is human’s instinctive response to the world.
D) It is human’s stupid behavior in the world.

Unit3

Results of the present study do not contradict previous work identifying health-related concerns associated with GM food products. D
A) agree with B) acknowledge
C) sign a contract with D) deny the truth of
Mean levels of agreement were stronger for organic with positively worded statements, and mean levels of agreement were weaker for organic with negatively worded statements. A
A) average B) some
C) different D) certain
Risks are a more prevalent concern with regard to GM foods and processes. C
A) standard B) current C) common D) well-known
To our knowledge, no study has directly elicited comparable attitudes about organic and GM products and processes. B
A) deduced B) obtained C) shared D) secured
5 Risk is inherent in food consumption and today, more than ever, US consumers are exposed to information about those risks. B
A) inherited B) innate C) essential D) popular
The average participant slightly, but not strongly, agreed with the positively worded health attributes (eg., organic food is healthier), and disagreed with the negatively worded health attributes (eg., organic food is less healthy). C
A)赞同用正面措辞形容健康品质；
不赞同用负面措辞形容其健康品质
B) 赞同用肯定措辞形容其健康品质；
不赞同用否定措辞形容其健康品质
C) 赞同用积极措辞形容其健康属性；
不赞同用消极措辞形容其健康属性
D) 赞同用正面措辞形容其健康属性；
不赞同用负面措辞形容其康属性
In the ___ pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared or contrasted. C
A) subject to subject B) block arrangement
C) point-by-point D) side to side
Genetically Modified Foods are foods that have been __ in a biological and botanical way. B
A) replaced B) altered
C) contradicted D) Identified
The findings of this study concur with earlier findings that the organic process of producing food is perceived as advantageous for the environment. D
A) are similar with
B) are different from
C) contradict with
D) are in agreement with
Although there have been no current scientific findings that the quality of organic food is higher than that of regular food, many people feel that the taste is more potent, the colors of certain foods, mostly fruits and vegetables, are brighter, and they feel healthier after eating them. B
A) more delicious
B) stronger and more effective
C) more versatile
D) more lovable and adaptable
补充练习
inferring
What can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards electric vehicle? (A)
The final difference is convenience. Many people and much energy must be used to refuel a gas vehicle. Oil has to be refined into gasoline, stored, transported, and pumped. However, to recharge an electric vehicle, all one has to do is plug it into a standard household outlet or a socket on a charging station.
A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) cynic
Which of the following is NOT true according to the sentences? (D)
This report discusses the benefits and negatives of both organic and genetically modified foods, and compares the differences between the two for the food and beverage department of a major hotel chain which is seeking to add something new and exciting to their menu to attract more customers. While organic food is more expensive, the public does not accept genetically modified food as easily as it accepts organic food, due to “Frankenstein food” concerns over its modifications.
A)Both organic and genetically modified foods have their own benefits and negatives.
B) People have concerns about genetically modified foods.
C) Compared with organic food, “Frankenstein food” concerns are one factor leading to people’s unwillingness to accept GM food.
D)The public does not accept organic food easily because it is more expensive.

translation

Generally, consumers perceive organic food production as environmentally friendly, while production involving GM varieties is perceived as less so than production of traditional food . The current findings do not refute this, but the perceptions among the participants were more neutral than expected. With one exception for which there was no difference, for each positive statement about the effect of organic production on the environment, level of agreement was stronger than for GM (i.e., participants felt that organic food production is more environmentally friendly than its GM counterpart). (B)
A) 有一点相同的是
B) 有一点不同的是
C) 毫无例外的是
D) 另外一种观点是
academic skills
In the ___ pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared or contrasted. (C)
A) subject to subject B) block arrangement
C) point-by-point D) side to side
technical terms
_____ are foods that have been altered in a biological and botanical way, usually by modifying them in the laboratory, while they are still in their seed or plant stages, by adding nutrients or increasing its resistance to certain pests. (B)
Genetically Modified Foods
A) Organic Foods
B) Genetically Modified Foods
C) Green Foods
D) Sustainable Foods
Unit4
Nevertheless, after 2002 an upward trend was noticed, possibly indicating that GPs used the term more frequently, or more consistently, to comply with the regulation laid down in the Euthanasia Act. A
A) conform to B) approve of
C) deal with D) complain about
Nonetheless, the mean overall annual incidences before and after implementation were not significantly different, and amounted to 3.1/10 000 and 2.8/10 000, respectively. A
A) added up to B) adjusted to
C) devoted to D) objected to
This was intended to make an already existing practice more transparent and offer legal protection for the physician involved, provided strictly defined requirements for careful practice were met.. B
A) even if B) only if
C) now that D) in that
Despite several decades of public education and 1991 federal Patient Self-Determination Act, which requires hospitals to distribute living will forms on _____. D
A) operation B) arrival
C) diagnosis D) admission
What can you infer from the following sentences about the author’s attitude towards palliative care in hospice? C
“Although more people die with hospice care in place, referral to hospice is often delayed because it requires the patient and physician to forgo curative treatment. Families, and often patients themselves, typically resist the sense of giving up that a transfer to hospice implies. “
A) Positive B) Critical
C) Negative D) Cynical
Which is the best summary of the following sentences? B
“The financial costs to family caregivers of caregiving at end-of-life are rarely tallied. Families experienced significant financial burden associated with lost savings, lost work, second mortgages, bankruptcy, and high out-of-pocket costs for medications, medical transportation, paid help, and special beds and other equipment.”
A) Family caregivers will be reluctant to calculate the financial costs.
B) The financial burden of family caregivers is immeasurable.
C) Family caregivers would rather give off all their family possessions to save their patient.
D) Government should be the payer of caregiving at end-of-life.
As the legislation situation of health care reform gains momentum, the anxiety is beginning to quickly get into a fear of excessive medical treatment. B
A) 更加广泛 B) 更加强劲
C) 更有希望 D) 更受关注
The current era in end-of-life care has been marked by public debate, often with opposing conservative and liberal perspectives over the sanctity of life. D
A) 人们反对保守派的观点而支持自由派的观点
B) 保守派和自由派的观点均遭到人们的反对
C) 保守派强烈反对自由派的观点
D) 形成了相互对立的保守派和自由派
Medicare’s payment structure does not encourage continuity of care across settings and providers. A
A) 不同医疗环境下不同医生的连续医护
B) 不同家庭环境下不同家人的连续护理
C) 非专业医疗机构和非专业医生的持续护理
D) 急诊科室和全科医生的持续医护
Although more people die with hospice care in place, referral to hospice is often delayed because it requires the patient and physician to forgo curative treatment. C
A) 共同治疗 B) 分别治疗
C) 放弃治疗 D) 强化治疗
以下为Unit4附加内容，具有参考价值
Paraphrasing
It should be noted that implementation of the Act may have been a formalization of an already existing practice rather than a turning point in people’s attitudes. A
A)It should be noticed that the implementation of the Act may have made an already existing practice more formal and it by no means changes people’s attitudes about euthanasia.
B)It is noteworthy that the carrying out the Act may have legalized an already existing practice and is a reflection on the turning in people’s attitudes.
C)It is noteworthy that the implementation of the Act is the result of an already long established practice and it is rather a turning point in people’s attitudes.
D)It should be noticed that the implement of the Act would rather make the already existing practice more transparent than serve as a turning point in people’s attitudes.
Improvement in the practice of palliative care constitutes an important reason why loss of dignity has become a less important reason for a request for euthanasia. C
A)Better palliative care is available so few people put forward a request for euthanasia.
B)Palliative care is improved, which is the reason people who put forward a request for euthanasia no longer feel the loss of dignity.
C)Loss of dignity is no longer a reason of the utmost importance for a request for euthanasia, primarily because the palliative care has improved.
D)Palliative care saves people’s dignity; the improvement of the former causes a decline in the number of requests for euthanasia.
Since palliative care is often delivered too late in disease trajectories, we need to vastly redesign the system for the way chronic illness is managed and integrate good chronic care, palliative care, and hospice into one seamless system. B
A)Palliative care is often discussed too late in disease trajectories. We need to greatly renew the system for the way chronic illness is operated and improve chronic care, palliative care and hospice.
B)In the process of medical treatment, palliative care is often given too late. Considering this factor, we need to adjust the way the chronic illness is treated; care for chronic patients, palliative care, and the final care service in hospice should be closely connected and coordinated.
C)Now that end-of-life care is often carried out too late in the disease development, we need to reconsider how the chronic disease could be treated and encourage people to accept palliative care in the hospices.
D)Since end-of-life care is often implemented too late in the disease development, we need to redesign the system for the way long-time illness is managed and improve chronic care, palliative care and hospice respectively.

translation
4.Despite tremendous clinical, bioethical, and legal advances in the past three decades that have improved care at the end of life, policy reform has been slow, hampered by entrenched health care financing laws and widely divergent political and religious views about the right or best course for medical care at the end of life. B
A)在过去三十年里，随着临床学、生命伦理学以及法律规范的不断完善，临终关怀也获得了长足的发展，但政策改革的脚步却依然缓慢。究其原因，根深蒂固的卫生保健财政政策是其中一个主要的制约临终关怀的因素。另外，人们对于哪种医疗护理是正确的或最适合临终病人的这个问题，由于政见和宗教信仰的不同而针锋相对找不到统一解决方案，也是制约临终关怀改革的一个重要方面。
B)在过去三十年里，尽管临床学、生命伦理学以及法律规范的进步改善了临终关怀质量，政策改革的脚步却依然缓慢。卫生保健财政法规根深蒂固，不同政见和宗教信仰的人们对于最合适的临终关怀意见分歧越来越大，这些都造成了政策改革脚步缓慢。
C)在过去三十年里，临床学、生命伦理学以及法律规范的不断完善，改善了临终关怀的质量和水平，但政策改革的脚步却依然缓慢。落后的卫生保健财政政策是其中一个主要的制约临终关怀改进的因素。另外，人们对于哪种医疗护理是正确的或最适合临终病人的这个问题，从政见和宗教信仰的角度展开激烈讨论，这些也是制约临终关怀改革的一个重要因素。
D)在过去三十年里，临床学、生命伦理学以及法律规范的不断完善，促进了临终关怀的质量和水平，尽管政策改革的脚步依然缓慢。僵化的卫生保健财政政策是其中一个主要的制约临终关怀改进的因素。另外，人们对于哪种医疗护理是正确的或最适合临终病人的这个问题，从政见、宗教信仰和政策改革的角度探讨寻找好的解决方法。
5.A significant issue impeding improvement in care for the dying is the mismatch between the dominant culture of recovery-focused medicine and the needs of an aging population. A
A)以康复为中心进行药物治疗的传统观念，与老年人的真正需求之间的矛盾碰撞，是临终关怀疗法发展的重要掣肘。
B)促进临终关怀疗法发展的关键因素，恰恰是关注治疗的药物疗法的主流观念与老龄人群的需求之间的不匹配。
C)促进临终关怀疗法发展的关键因素，恰恰是大多数人对药物疗效的关注与老龄人群的需求之间的不匹配。
D)化解关注药物治愈的公众观念与老年人的真正需求之间的矛盾碰撞，是临终关怀疗法发展的重要刺激因素。

inferring
6.“Rescue medicine” is the default mode in American hospitals, although 7 out of 10 deaths today result from life-limiting chronic illnesses that follow a slow and often predicable decline. The misalignment of aggressive-focused acute-care hospitals serving an aging and chronically ill population sometimes results in conflict among clinicians or between families and providers over deciding the best plan of care in intensive settings. Which of the following is not correct? D
A)70% of Americans die from chronic diseases.
B)American hospitals should not prescribe rescue medicine to the chronic patients.
C)American hospitals are very used to providing acute and aggressive care to the ill population.
D)American clinicians are not very certain whether they should take a better cure mode than rescue medicine.
7.Even when palliative care as opposed to rescue medicine is available, barriers to good quality palliative care persist. Clinicians’ fear of addiction, discomfort with communicating bad news, lack of confidence in managing the dying process, inadequate training in symptom control, and defensive medicine all interfere with giving excellent care to the dying. Which of the following is wrong? C
A)Clinicians are afraid that if they provide palliative care, the patients would get addicted to the palliative drug.
B)Clinicians hate to tell the patients the bad news that they are incurable and drugs can do no more than alleviating the pain.
C)Patients lack confidence when they know they are dying.
D)Clinicians cannot control the symptoms well for lack of training.
Unit 5

英语复习

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