【c++】字符串的相关操作

1.gets（）

char * gets ( char * str );
Get string from stdin

Reads characters from the standard input (stdin) and stores them as a C string into str until a newline character or the end-of-file is reached.

The newline character, if found, is not copied into str.

A terminating null character is automatically appended after the characters copied to str.

Notice that gets is quite different from fgets: not only gets uses stdin as source, but it does not include the ending newline character in the resulting string and does not allow to specify a maximum size for str (which can lead to buffer overflows).

例：

/* gets example */
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
  char string [256];
  printf ("Insert your full address: ");
  gets (string);     // warning: unsafe (see fgets instead)
  printf ("Your address is: %s\n",string);
  return 0;
}

注意：

这个函数已经在c标准和c++标准中被弃用了，原因是因为这个函数可能会造成溢出的问题，具体例子参见置顶博文中的文章。一般，会用fgets()函数代替。

2.fgets（）

char * fgets ( char * str, int num, FILE * stream );
Get string from stream

Reads characters from stream and stores them as a C string into str until (num-1) characters have been read or either a newline or the end-of-file is reached, whichever happens first.

A newline character makes fgets stop reading, but it is considered a valid character by the function and included in the string copied to str.

A terminating null character is automatically appended after the characters copied to str.

Notice that fgets is quite different from gets: not only fgets accepts a stream argument, but also allows to specify the maximum size of str and includes in the string any ending newline character.

例：

/* fgets example */
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
   FILE * pFile;
   char mystring [100];

   pFile = fopen ("myfile.txt" , "r");
   if (pFile == NULL) perror ("Error opening file");
   else {
     if ( fgets (mystring , 100 , pFile) != NULL )
       puts (mystring);
     fclose (pFile);
   }
   return 0;
}
Edit & Run

3.strcpy()

char * strcpy ( char * destination, const char * source );
Copy string

Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed by destination, including the terminating null character (and stopping at that point).

To avoid overflows, the size of the array pointed by destination shall be long enough to contain the same C string as source (including the terminating null character), and should not overlap in memory with source.

例：

/* strcpy example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str1[]="Sample string";
  char str2[40];
  char str3[40];
  strcpy (str2,str1);
  strcpy (str3,"copy successful");
  printf ("str1: %s\nstr2: %s\nstr3: %s\n",str1,str2,str3);
  return 0;
}

4.memcpy()

void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );
Copy block of memory

Copies the values of num bytes from the location pointed to by source directly to the memory block pointed to by destination.

The underlying type of the objects pointed to by both the source and destination pointers are irrelevant for this function; The result is a binary copy of the data.

The function does not check for any terminating null character in source - it always copies exactly num bytes.

To avoid overflows, the size of the arrays pointed to by both the destination and source parameters, shall be at least num bytes, and should not overlap (for overlapping memory blocks, memmove is a safer approach).

例：

/* memcpy example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct {
  char name[40];
  int age;
} person, person_copy;

int main ()
{
  char myname[] = "Pierre de Fermat";

  /* using memcpy to copy string: */
  memcpy ( person.name, myname, strlen(myname)+1 );
  person.age = 46;

  /* using memcpy to copy structure: */
  memcpy ( &person_copy, &person, sizeof(person) );

  printf ("person_copy: %s, %d \n", person_copy.name, person_copy.age );

  return 0;
}

资料来源：http://www.cplusplus.com